The Rhythm Night Club in Natchez was decorated with Spanish moss hanging from the ceiling. Tiny Bradshaw and his orchestra was scheduled to appear on 23rd April 1940 but was double-booked in Harlem so was replaced at the last minute with Walter Barnes and his Sophisticated Swing Orchestra.
Sometime during the evening the moss was ignited by a stray match or cigarette. The building was made from corrugated metal with a single exit and boarded up windows. Barnes directed his band to carry on playing to calm the crowd as they scrambled to leave. Over 200 people died including Barnes and 9 members of his band. Over 15000 people attended his funeral.
One of the first songs about the tragedy was done by Leonard Baby Doo Caston a few months later, however the best known is the song written by Howlin Wolf : THE NATCHEZ BURNING. The session on 19th July 1956 had Willie Johnson on guitar , Chess however only released the song in November 1959 presumably to be out in time for any twentieth anniversary remembrance.
Though other artists like John Lee Hooker and Captain Beefheart wrote songs about the fire, it is the Wolf song that defines those terrible events at the club in Natchez.